A retrospective analysis of 133 patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, or renal cell cancer after receiving radiotherapy with or without combined immunotherapy with CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 inhibitors showed that patients were well tolerated with the combination of focal palliative radiation and CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 inhibitors (107). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.