ERN1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The mRNA expressions of ATF-4, CHOP, IRE-1α, XBP-1s, and GRP-78 were 2.6-, 2.4-, 5.5-, 3.8-, 2.3-fold upregulated respectively in the T2DM group compared with the NGT group, whereas PERK was found to be 3.5-fold downregulated.