A positive association was observed between serum IGF-1 level and overall cancer risk in men in the United Kingdom (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.03 per 5-nmol/L increment in IGF-1) and specific cancer risk, such as prostate, melanoma, kidney, and thyroid (HR = 1.09, 1.08, 1.10, and 1.22, respectively) (45). The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is cancer.