β-catenin signaling is a critical player in colon cancer pathogenesis; over 90% of sporadic human colon cancers exhibit mutations in at least one protein in the β-catenin pathway - ∼10% exhibit activating mutations in β-catenin and ∼80% have inactivating mutations in APC, a facilitator of cytoplasmic β-catenin degradation (Muzny et al., 2012; Cheng et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene APC and malignant colon neoplasm.