ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Adiponectin was shown to improve cardiomyocyte contractile function in db/db diabetic obese mice and high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice, suggesting that adiponectin deficiency might aggravate HFD-induced obesity, metabolic derangement, cardiac hypertrophy, and contractile dysfunction through decreased myocardial autophagy (Dong and Ren, 2009; Guo et al., 2013).