GYPB and esophageal cancer: Previous studies have reported that Gyp L and Gyp LI, dammarane-type saponins from G. pentaphyllum, induced apoptosis and inhibit proliferation in a variety of cancers, including esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer (Zheng et al., 2016; Xing et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2019; Zu et al., 2020; Zu et al., 2021).