ACADL and atrial fibrillation: Figure 6 shows that the level of GDH and LCAD expression were down-regulated in the Sirt3 plasmid group, but there was no significant difference among the three groups (Figures 6A,C,E). However, the acetylation level of LCAD and GDH were up-regulated in the pacing group compared with the control group (Figures 6A,D,F,G), which was reversed by Sirt3 plasmid. Similarly, rapid-pacing induced the down-regulation of pAMPKα1, but transfection with Sirt3 plasmid inhibited this change. The above results indicate that HL inhibits the atrial metabolic remodeling of AF via a Sirt3-dependent pathway.