Moreover, brusatol (50) also showed anti-cancer activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Lee et al., 2019), melanoma (Wang et al., 2018) and laryngeal cancer (Zhou et al., 2021) through inhibiting STAT3 and the Nrf2 signaling pathways and abrogating JAK2/STAT3 signaling-mediated EMT process, respectively. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.