TLR4 and chronic kidney disease: High phosphate could also induce vascular calcification via the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) in CKD mice or the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) (Zhang et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2018).