NFKB1 and chronic kidney disease: AST-120 administration can not only prevent renal and cardiac fibrosis in the 5/6-subtotal nephrectomy CKD mouse model through reducing serum IS levels (Fujii et al., 2009; Lekawanvijit et al., 2012), but also improves cardiac dysfunction in ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI mice via the suppression of apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) signaling (Shen et al., 2021).