IRF1 and cardiac hypertrophy: In addition, after screening a series of uremic toxins, we identified phosphate as a potential therapeutic target, since a high-phosphate diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure through regulating interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) axis, thus affecting mitochondrial energy metabolism remodeling in CKD mice (Huang et al., 2020a).