Recent studies have shown that abnormal levels of β-arrestins, including β-arrestins 1 and 2, have a role in microvascular permeability by regulating the production and function of ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in the kidneys of a rat model of DN (Noh et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and liver dysplastic nodule.