VEGFA and macular retinal edema: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is overexpressed by several retinal cell types (mainly pericytes, Müller cells, astrocytes, and endothelial cells) in response to hypoxic conditions and appears to play a central role in microvascular retinal alterations, including an increase in vascular permeability and endothelial cell proliferation, therefore promoting macular edema (Stewart et al., 2000; Mrugacz et al., 2021).