TNF and cancer: It has been shown that C. albicans can stimulate synthesis of IL-18, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β in endothelial cells (Orozco et al., 2000), which could generate a hepatic pro-inflammatory microenvironment and induce the expression of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, lead to cancer growth, adhesion and metastasis in the liver, such as hepatic melanoma (Vidal-Vanaclocha et al., 2000; Rodriguez-Cuesta et al., 2010; Ramirez-Garcia et al., 2013).