On the other hand, existing indicators, such as CK-MB and cTnT for the diagnosis of ACS, or NT-proBNP for the diagnosis of heart failure, are all released passively after ischemia-induced myocardial cell injury, myocardial ventricle wall stress, or tissue hypoxia and therefore could not be applied as specific and valuable prognostic indicators during progression of ACS (46, 47). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and heart failure.