TNF and Arthritis: Triptolide inhibited the IL-1-induced phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK at protein levels in bovine type II collagen-induced arthritis DA rats treated with 11–45 g/kg/day (i.g.)for 28 days and significantly decreased the expression of angiogenic activators such as TNF-α, IL-17, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (VEGFR), and Ang-1 [81].