TNF-α, interleukins (ILs) (e.g., IL-1β, -6, -7, -15, -17, -18, and -23), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have all been found to limit inflammation in the progression of RA. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and rheumatoid arthritis.