Thus, it is now well established that the ANS has modulatory effects on insulin sensitivity and that the level of its activity contributes to the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and DM (Surwit and Feinglos, 1988[123]; Esler et al., 2001[32]; Johnson et al., 2012[54]; Ekambaram et al., 2013[30]; Turner et al., 2014[129]). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.