In addition, a trial with 9 participants showed that mRNA expression of cadherin 1 (CDH1), cadherin 2 (CDH2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) genes in the urine pellet was significantly increased in DN patients compared with healthy controls, and of these biomarkers, CDH2 mRNA was increased 15-fold [25]. Here, CCL2 is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.