Our results above suggested that USP8 regulated the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy largely through two arms: the TRAF6-PD-L1 axis and the TRAF6-NF-κB-MHC-I pathway, to shape the tumor microenvironment (Fig. 6n). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and neoplasm.