Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized human CD34+ cells [1 × 104 cells in 50 μl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)] were intravenously (iv) or intra-carotid arterially (ia) transplanted 4 weeks after the induction of stroke (chronic stage), and neurological function was evaluated. The gene discussed is CD34; the disease is Stroke.