In agreement, it was evident that injection of BMSCs also controls exosomes and Lv-Nrf2 exosomes; in particular, Lv-Nrf2 exosomes markedly reduced AF-driven upregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β as well as downregulation of IL-4 and IL-10 in serum. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atrial fibrillation.