Besides, it was demonstrated that delivery of exosomes from the BMSCs overexpressing Nrf2 increased the Nrf2 and HO-1 expression and hence effectively inhibited changes in heart rhythm and shortened the AF duration, confirming that exosomes from Lv-Nrf2 BMSCs promoted recovery of arrhythmias in AF rats. Here, HMOX1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.