TNF and atrial fibrillation: Further, the assessment of the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, or IL-10 by ELISA showed that control exosomes or Lv-Nrf2 exosomes markedly reduced AF-driven upregulation of TNF-α or IL-1β expression whereas downregulating IL-4 and IL-10 expression (Figures 5(c)–5(f)).