Findings indicating angiogenesis in PD are supported by reports showing an upregulation of the pro-angiogenic molecule Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the SNpc of PD patients (Wada et al., 2006; Yasuda et al., 2007; Lan et al., 2021) and non-human primates (Barcia et al., 2005). Here, VEGFA is linked to Parkinson disease.