PTX3 and rheumatoid arthritis: Regarding the inflammatory mediators that were most highly upregulated in RA patients (IL-19, TWEAK/TNFSF12 and pentraxin-3) and positively correlated with the above mentioned ASVs, the cytokine IL-19 has previously been found to be highly expressed in the joints of patients with RA and therefore suggested as a potential target for therapy in RA patients (Alanara et al., 2010; Alghasham and Rasheed, 2014).