Previous studies had shown that about 63% of patients with CS had atrial cardiopathy (PTFV1 >5,000 μV·ms, or NT-proBNP >250 pg/ml, or severe LAE) (20), or 45% of patients with ESUS had atrial cardiopathy (defined as: female left atrium >38 mm, male left atrium >40 mm, or supraventricular premature beats) (21), or atrial cardiopathy in patients with ESUS accounted for 26.6% (22) (defined as: PTFV1 >5,000 μV·ms, or severe LAE). Here, NPPB is linked to Cowden syndrome 1.