IFNA1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In addition, it has been recently confirmed that the expression of several markers of interferon (IFN) signature (e.g., MxA, PKR, and HLA-I) in the pancreatic islets of T1D and of islet autoantibody-positive donors is tightly correlated with the presence of enteroviral capsid protein-1 (VP1), thus showing the existence of an antiviral machinery actively contributing to the islet inflammatory response during viral infections in T1D (13).