IFIH1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Although previous studies started to investigate the role of MDA5 in β-cells (20, 21) and of its activation upon viral infection or following inflammatory stresses, both in rodents and in humans (14, 20–23), a full characterization of its expression and distribution in human pancreatic tissues both in T1D and in nonpathological conditions has not been analyzed yet in detail.