Furthermore, AM express innate immune receptors, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), Dectin-1, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), inflammasome-IL-1β activator, and DC-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), for non-specific pathogen recognition and induction of effector functions as observed in ex vivo human macrophage studies and surveys of human genetic variants that influence TB susceptibility and outcomes (160–163). Here, IL1B is linked to tuberculosis.