In a previous study, antimicrobial peptides of human beta-defensin-2, C-C (cervical cancer) chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), and secretory leucocyte peptidase inhibitor, were found to be upregulated in cases of bacterial vaginosis, although there was no significant change in CCL20 expression following colonization with Lactobacillus species (63). This evidence concerns the gene CCL20 and cervical carcinoma.