TNF and bacterial vaginosis: For example, IL-1α, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (91), along with bacterial vaginosis, may be associated with genetic polymorphisms in the innate immune Toll-like-receptor (TLR1, TLR 2, TLR 4 and TLR 9) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-6, CXCL8, and IL-10) (92).