In a previous study, antimicrobial peptides of human beta-defensin-2, C-C (cervical cancer) chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), and secretory leucocyte peptidase inhibitor, were found to be upregulated in cases of bacterial vaginosis, although there was no significant change in CCL20 expression following colonization with Lactobacillus species (63). Here, CCL20 is linked to bacterial vaginosis.