CASP3 and posterior cortical atrophy: Shukla et al. (2014b) found that in human PCa PC-3 and DU145 cells that are androgen-refractory, apigenin (5–40 μM) treatment decreased cell viability and induced significant apoptosis mediated by the up-regulation of cleaved caspase 3/9 and PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase), accompanied with down-regulated levels of IAP members including XIAP, c-IAP1/2, and survivin, as well as the decreased levels of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 and the increased cytochrome C, a key player in executing apoptosis.