MIF and central nervous system cancer: For example, lncRNA FOXD2-AS1 modulates the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway and miR-185-5P/HMGA2 axis to promote the progression of glioma (Ni et al., 2019); miR-3116 increases the sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ) by inhibiting FGFR1 and inactivating the PI3K/AKT pathway (Kong et al., 2020) and exosome-mediated MIF by regulating the glioma TIMP3/PI3K/AKT axis (Li M. et al., 2017).