In HBV/HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma, HCV upregulates the expression of ß-catenin and MYC, and HBV upregulates the expression of EPCAM, ß-catenin and MYC and activates nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) signaling (Arzumanyan et al., 2013). Here, MYC is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.