In human AF patients and dog AF models, TRPC3 expression is upregulated with enhanced nonselective cation influxes and increased a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK 1/2) phosphorylation, which can be suppressed by the TRPC3-selective blocker Pyrazol-3 (Harada et al., 2012; Hall et al., 2019). Here, ACTA1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.