MTOR and cerebral malformation: Previous clinical and in vitro studies have revealed the importance of the mTOR pathway in epileptic pathogenesis, where mutations of key signaling molecules along the mTOR pathway were associated with brain malformations and seizures activity, including but not limited to PTEN, PI3K, AKT3, TSC1/2, DEPDC5, and mTOR (Griffith and Wong, 2018).