For instance, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, TGF-β increases the expression of OXPHOS-associated proteins, including NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8 (NDUFB8), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX I) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) during EMT, a cellular process that is thought to promote metastasis (Liu et al., 2020). Here, TFAM is linked to breast carcinoma.