The TGF-β signaling pathway contributes to a broad range of physiological and pathological processes, and its key roles in development, immunity, wound healing, cancer, fibrosis, skeletal and cardiac diseases have been extensively studied (Massague, 2008; Wu and Hill, 2009; Dobaczewski et al., 2011; Travis and Sheppard, 2014; Meng et al., 2016; Morikawa et al., 2016; Salazar et al., 2016; Kiritsi and Nystrom, 2018; Derynck et al., 2020). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.