Indeed, 9/13 cancers shown to exhibit reduced incidence in individuals with the highest physical activity level (2) – head and neck, liver, kidney, lung, breast, gastric cardia, colon, rectum, and bladder cancers – are also responsive to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors that alleviate T cell anergy by inhibiting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 or T cell exhaustion by inhibiting programmed cell death protein (PD1) and/or its ligand (PDL1) (188). Here, CTLA4 is linked to cancer.