The above findings are also in agreement with previous studies showing that inhibition targeting the CSF-1R pathway shifted the phenotype of activated tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype, resulting in reduced tumour growth in glioblastoma models (7, 8), as well as in extracranial models of breast and cervical cancer (45). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and cervical cancer.