The above findings are also in agreement with previous studies showing that inhibition targeting the CSF-1R pathway shifted the phenotype of activated tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype, resulting in reduced tumour growth in glioblastoma models (7, 8), as well as in extracranial models of breast and cervical cancer (45). Here, CSF1R is linked to glioblastoma.