APOE and Alzheimer disease: Given that ApoE also plays an important role in Aβ peptide accumulation, a potential explanation for these findings could be that the ApoE level may affect HCV infection and also mediate the genetic risk of late-onset AD in patients with HCV and AD (Jiang and Luo, 2009; Hishiki et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2016) and thus leads to a false association between HCV infection and AD.