INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: It occurs when the pancreas becomes unable to produce sufficient amounts of insulin (type I DM “here introduced as T1DM,” also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), when the body becomes unable to use the insulin it produces effectively (type II DM “here introduced as T2DM,” also known as adult onset diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), or during pregnancy (known as gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) [1].