In apart from the above mechanisms, mature miRNAs compete with long-stranded non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to bind the 3’-UTR of target mRNAs and indirectly inhibit the negative regulation of target genes by miRNAs, such as lncRNA Ttc3-209 in human retinal cells (24), PGM5-AS1 in colorectal cancer (28), TMEM220-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (29), THAP9-AS1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (30) and PCED1B-AS1 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (27), which are considered as ceRNAs, by competitively inhibiting miR-484 binding and upregulating the translation of target proteins. The gene discussed is THAP9; the disease is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.