HLA-C and acute myeloid leukemia: Several mechanisms are involved in immune evasion in AML, including (1) alteration of antigen expression by downregulation or loss of MHC molecules, (2) overexpression of immune checkpoint inhibitors, (3) production of immunosuppressive factors, (4) excessive secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and (5) and reducing proinflammatory cytokines (Figure 2).