TNF and axial length measurement: The authors found that AL tissues presented high levels of TNF-family members [sTNFR2, TNFSF14, sFasL, B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (sBAFF)], cytokines and chemokines (IL,8, CCL2, IL1RA/IL36, sIL6R), and growth factors [amphiregulin (sAREG), colony stimulating factor (CSF1)].