Given that albumin and fetuin-A are both synthesized in the liver and categorized as negative acute-phase proteins, these results suggest that CKD–MBD, inflammation, and malnutrition/PEW cooperatively accelerate the formation and maturation of CPPs and that simultaneous control of these two pathologies is critically important to prevent chronic inflammation and progression of cardiovascular diseases including VC in CKD patients. The gene discussed is AHSG; the disease is chronic kidney disease.