TNF and Dravet syndrome: Lei et al. also demonstrated increased levels of TNF- α and decreased levels of IL-10 in adults following cardiopulmonary bypass in the presence of PH.32 In rats IL-10 administration reduced PH and improved survival significantly.33 Nategi et al. found lower serum levels of IL-10 in children with DS and a reciprocal increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ).34 We have also confirmed this increased level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, but IFN-γ was significantly lower level pre- and post-operatively and only increased pre-discharge.