Cleavage of PARP-1 by caspase 3 is a hallmark of apoptosis [84–86], which has been implicated in several neurological diseases (e.g. cerebral ischemia [87], AD [88], multiple sclerosis [89], PD [90], traumatic brain injury [91], and ASD [92, 93]). Here, PARP1 is linked to multiple sclerosis.