Some biological evidence showed that Cd and Sb can activate pathways related to diabetes, including oxidative stress response, chronic pancreatic injury, or insulin transcription and secretion, which may interfere with the human endocrine system and lead to apoptosis of islet β cells, resulting in insulin antagonism (Rehman et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.