The CASP2, CASP3, BAX, TP53 and CDKN1A mRNA levels in HL-60 cells were downregulated, whereas the CCNE1 and MCL1 mRNA levels were upregulated in the higher-risk MDS and AML groups than the lower-risk MDS group (Fig. 5G). Here, CCNE1 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.