TNF and glioblastoma: Studies have also shown that PD-L1 antibody activate mice macrophages to secrete more TNF-α and IL-12, which induce polarization of macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory M1 type [56, 57]. The in vivo experimental results showed that Fe3O4-siPD-L1@M-BV2 significantly increased the content of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12 in orthotopic drug-resistant GBM tissue.