IL1B and Alzheimer disease: In AD patients, the microbiota composition was characterized by decreased proportion of anti‐inflammatory bacteria (E. rectale) and increased abundance of pro‐inflammatory bacteria (Escherichia/Shigella), which was associated with the increased blood level of cytokines, such as IL‐6, NLRP3, and IL‐1β (Cattaneo et al., 2017).