Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes indicate the robustness of immune response against a tumor and serve as strong prognostic indicators of clinical efficacy related to anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapy.119,120 In a Chinese cohort study with 207 hepatocellular cancer patients, an MRI-based RS is trained to evaluate the density of CD3+ and CD8+ T-cells.43 The radiomic model, which includes features extracted from intra- and peri-tumoral regions, shows nearly excellent performance in a validation cohort (n = 57, AUC 0.899) and outperforms a model based on intra-tumoral features alone (AUC 0.639). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.