IGHG3 and infection: mRNA vaccine-induced IgG1 and IgG3 responses were higher than infection-induced responses for the D614G RBD (p = 0.00009 and p = 0.0004 for mRNA-1273 and BNT162b, respectively), and all VOCS: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Kappa, and Delta RBD (data file S3) and bound to all VOC RBDs less than to D614G (Fig. 3 and data file S3).