Coinciding immunostimulatory DAMP release, GC chemotherapy-treated G69 cancer cells displayed increased COX-2 protein expression (i.e., upstream prostaglandin metabolizing enzyme, Fig. 4a), resulting in the elevated release of the inhibitory DAMP (i.e., PGE2) into the cultured medium, when compared to vehicle-treated cells (Fig. 4b). Here, PTGS2 is linked to cancer.