TGFB1 and neoplasm: Several mechanisms are involved in the tumor promotion by TGF‐β, including dysregulation of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, alternation of cytoskeletal architecture, promotion of extracellular matrix formation, as well as compromising immune surveillance.[171] It has been reported that high level of TGF‐β in TME inhibits T cells and B cells proliferation and promote Treg differentiation, thus promoting immunosuppressive TME.[172] Therefore, downregulation of TGF‐β may be a promising way to reverse immunosuppressive TME to favor cancer immunotherapy or chemotherapy.