CCNC and neoplasm: In the in vivo studies, xenograft tumour formation in nude mice were conducted in four groups: CCNC–/– + CCNCWT + saline, CCNC–/– + CCNCWT + cisplatin, CCNC–/– + CCNC3ktoR + saline and CCNC–/– + CCNC3ktoR + cisplatin.