NRAS and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): NanoString analyses of treatment-naïve tumors revealed enrichment for tumor intrinsic pathways consistent with suppression of tumor-specific immunity and support of tumor progression in both astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, with increased copy numbers of mRNA for cell cycle proteins (CCND1, CDKN2C, CDK1, CDK4, MK167, and RAD51; Supplementary Table 3), DNA damage repair (p53), epigenetic regulation (Olig2, SOX10, and ESR1), MAPK signaling (ERBB3, RAF1, NRAS, MAP3K1), angiogenesis (PDGFRA), Notch and WNT signaling.