NanoString analyses of treatment-naïve tumors revealed enrichment for tumor intrinsic pathways consistent with suppression of tumor-specific immunity and support of tumor progression in both astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, with increased copy numbers of mRNA for cell cycle proteins (CCND1, CDKN2C, CDK1, CDK4, MK167, and RAD51; Supplementary Table 3), DNA damage repair (p53), epigenetic regulation (Olig2, SOX10, and ESR1), MAPK signaling (ERBB3, RAF1, NRAS, MAP3K1), angiogenesis (PDGFRA), Notch and WNT signaling. Here, RAF1 is linked to oligodendroglioma.